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The Energy Charter Treaty (ECT), established in the1990s to foster cross-border cooperation in the energy sector, is at a crossroads. Originally designed to attract investment in former Communist countries and facilitate energy flows to the West, the treaty has faced growing criticism for failing to align with modern policy objectives, including transit cost reduction, energy efficiency, and addressing climate change. In response, a modernization process began in 2017, culminating in the approval of a revised text in June 2022.

The last years brought many new conflicts to the World and the potential roles of international law and institutions in settling these conflicts come to forefront. What are the origins and main causes of international conflicts and what are the circumstances under which negotiation can help end conflict?

The last years brought many new conflicts to the World and the potential roles of international law and institutions in settling these conflicts come to forefront. What are the origins and main causes of international conflicts and what are the circumstances under which negotiation can help end conflict?